In retrospect, the forced and closed abduction of hips caused many cases of avascular necrosis. When he could no longer operate, he took up nonoperative orthopaedics and changed from being an advocate of open reduction of hip dysplasia to closed or bloodless reduction of dislocated hips. Lorenz (1854–1946) had trained as a general surgeon in Austria but became sensitive to the carbolic acid used as an antiseptic rinse. His treatments consisted of manipulation and bracing. ![]() His specialty was the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip, clubfoot, and other skeletal deformities with closed methods of treatment (as opposed to open or operative methods). Lorenz was known in Europe as “the bloodless surgeon of Vienna” (Figure (Figure1 1). The catalytic event leading to the 1903 establishment of the Texas Baptist Memorial Sanitarium, progenitor of Baylor University Medical Center (BUMC), was the spectacular visit of Dr. Degenerative joint diseases were rare and were never diagnosed or treated. Life expectancy was short, and those who survived without infection or trauma might live to reach 60 years of age. Forty percent of the papers were on tuberculosis, 15% on clubfeet, and another 15% on developmental dysplasia of the hip, rickets, and polio combined. The practice of orthopaedics in the USA 100 years ago can be gauged by the subjects of papers presented during the first 10 years of the American Orthopaedic Association, which was formed in 1887. Orthopaedics is considered by many to be a spectacular success story, but its success came only after the 3 great discoveries of anesthesia, aseptic surgery, and x-rays. Andry's initial manuscript was entitled “Orthopaedia, or the art of correcting and preventing deformities in children.” Even a century ago, orthopaedics was still primarily involved with fractures, congenital and developmental anomalies, and the aftermath of infectious diseases, such as polio and tuberculosis. The word orthopaedic was coined by Nicolas Andry in 1741 from 2 Greek words: orthos, which means straight, and paedion, which means child.
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